Historie Statiky (CZ)
- február 19, 2015
- admin
- 52 Comments
Nauka o rovnováze, neboli statika, sahá daleko do starověku. Potřeba této nauky vyvstala používáním pomůcek pro zvládání těžké fyzické práce, např. páky, šroubu, kladkostroje a nakloněné roviny. Teoretický princip páky popsal v Řecku ve 3.st. př. n. l. Archimedes a položil tím i základ pro pozdější hojné využívání např. klínu, nakloněné roviny a otočné lanové kladky.
Praktické příklady využívání principů ulehčujících člověku každodenní život byly přesto prokazatelně doloženy již z doby daleko dřívější, např. kolem roku 1550 př.n.l. – tzv. šadúf (pozdější arabské pojmenování), což je pákové zařízení na přečerpávání vody do zavlažovacích stružek na polích.
Použití kladkostroje je doloženo v Řecku již z doby kolem roku 700 př.n.l. Archimedovi přísluší také velký přínos v oblasti hydrostatiky, o který se zasloužil formulováním hydrostatického zákona. Tento známý princip, jehož objev byl údajně doprovozen zvoláním Heuréka! (Nalezl jsem!), říká, že těleso ponořené do kapaliny je nadlehčováno silou odpovídající tíze vody tělesem vytlačené.[4] Pojmy těžiště nebo specifická váha se poprvé doložitelně objevují také ve starém Řecku. O rozsáhlé praktické využití těchto teoretických prací se ale zasloužili až Římané, nikoli Řekové, podařilo se jim je totiž technicky provést.
Tato prvotní statika vrcholí větou o virtuálních posunech: Vytvoříme-li součin každé síly s dráhou, kterou její působiště urazilo ve směru síly, pokud takový pohyb nastal, a provedeme-li součet všech těchto součinů (při zachování znamének odpovídajících orientaci sil), pak rovnováha nastává, pokud tento součet dává nulu.
K formulaci tohoto poznatku v roce 1600 bylo zapotřebí několik tisíciletí značného úsilí. Posledním v řadě těch, kteří se zasloužili o jeho řešení, byl holandský matematik Simon Stevin, známý jako Simon z Brugg (1548-1620). Ten s geniální intuicí prozkoumal rovnováhu na nakloněné rovině a přitom odhalil možnost rozkladu síly na její složky a zavedl pojem silový rovnoběžník.
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